Final answer:
No foul in football does not cause a live ball to become dead, a dead ball to become live, or a turnover; it may lead to a penalty shootout only in specific circumstances such as a draw in a knockout match after regular and extra time.
Step-by-step explanation:
When discussing what a no-foul causes in football, the correct answer is d) A penalty shootout. In the context of football, fouls are specific actions committed by players that are against the rules of the game. When a foul occurs, it typically results in a free kick or a penalty kick for the opposing team depending on the nature and location of the foul. In more significant cases, such as during a knockout match when the game ends in a draw after the regular and extra time, it may lead to a penalty shootout to determine the winner. However, a no-foul situation does not directly cause any change in the state of the ball or cause a turnover. It is the lack of a foul that allows the game to continue without any interruption or penalty.