Final answer:
The nucleotide with a single phosphate group, the base thymine, and deoxyribose is a deoxyribonucleotide, specifically option (c) deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nucleotide that contains a single phosphate group, the base thymine, and deoxyribose is called a deoxyribonucleotide. This structure is specifically found in DNA and forms the backbone of the DNA structure along with other deoxyribonucleotides. The correct answer from the provided options would be (c) deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.
In the structure of a nucleotide, the phosphate group is typically attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar, and the nitrogenous base is attached to the 1' carbon. Thymine is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and is classified as a pyrimidine because it has a single ring structure. When thymine is part of a nucleotide in DNA, it pairs with adenine (a purine) through two hydrogen bonds.