Final answer:
The traditional organization development field was criticized for being based on theories rather than action-based results. This approach was seen as less effective in dealing with large-scale organizational changes. The correct option is a. based on theories rather than action-based results
Step-by-step explanation:
The criticism that was often leveled at the traditional organization development field was that it was based on theories rather than action-based results.
Instead of focusing on practical outcomes and tangible changes, this approach placed more emphasis on theoretical concepts and models. This criticism suggested that the field needed to shift its focus to achieving concrete results and measurable impact.
For example, the traditional approach might involve extensive planning, analysis, and discussions, but it may lack the implementation and execution needed to drive real organizational change. Without tangible action and results, this approach was seen as less effective in dealing with large-scale organizational changes. The correct option is a. based on theories rather than action-based results