Final answer:
The claim that the necessary and proper clause limits national government power is false; it actually provides a basis for expanding federal authority. The Constitution defines the separation of powers among federal and state governments, with certain powers reserved for the states, others shared, and federal law taking precedence where there is a conflict.
Step-by-step explanation:
The U.S. Constitution does layout specific powers that each level of government holds. However, the statement that the necessary and proper clause has had the effect of limiting the power of the national government is false. In fact, this clause, found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, has often been interpreted to expand the powers of the federal government by allowing it to pass laws deemed necessary and proper for executing its enumerated powers.
Overall, the Constitution provides a framework for federalism in which powers are distributed between the national and state governments. The enumerated powers are those specifically listed in the Constitution for the federal government, while reserved powers belong to the states as outlined in the Tenth Amendment. Powers not expressly given to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are considered state powers, as James Madison indicated. Concurrent powers are those shared by both levels of government. Furthermore, the supremacy clause in Article VI clarifies that federal law supersedes state law when there is a conflict.
Thus, while the Constitution clearly delineates authority between federal and state governments, the necessary and proper clause, contrary to limiting federal power, has historically provided a means for its expansion, ensuring the national government can meet its responsibilities effectively.