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Design and analyses a microcontroller instruction cycle pipeline to execute an embedded program which has 100 instructions. Each instruction has a uniform period and has 5 pipeline stages in the following order Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode (ID), Execute (Ex), Memory Access (MEM) and Register Write Back (WB). The fetch operation takes 3 clock cycles, decode operation takes 2 clock cycles, execution operation takes 4 cycles, memory access takes 3 cycles and register write back takes 2 cycles.

a) With necessary diagrams, calculate the total number of clock cycles that will take to execute the program.

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Final answer:

To calculate the total number of clock cycles required to execute the program, we'll need to analyze each stage of the pipeline.

Step-by-step explanation:

To calculate the total number of clock cycles required to execute the program, we'll need to analyze each stage of the pipeline. Given that each instruction has 5 pipeline stages, we can go through each stage and count the number of cycles required.

In this case, the fetch operation takes 3 clock cycles, decode operation takes 2 clock cycles, execution takes 4 cycles, memory access takes 3 cycles, and register write back takes 2 cycles. Therefore, the total number of clock cycles required to execute the program can be calculated by summing up the cycles for each stage across all the instructions.

Let's break it down:

Instruction Fetch (IF) - 3 clock cycles for each instruction

Instruction Decode (ID) - 2 clock cycles for each instruction

Execute (Ex) - 4 clock cycles for each instruction

Memory Access (MEM) - 3 clock cycles for each instruction

Register Write Back (WB) - 2 clock cycles for each instruction

Now, we calculate the total number of clock cycles by multiplying the number of instructions (100) with the clock cycles for each stage:

IF: 3 clock cycles x 100 instructions = 300 clock cycles

ID: 2 clock cycles x 100 instructions = 200 clock cycles

Ex: 4 clock cycles x 100 instructions = 400 clock cycles

MEM: 3 clock cycles x 100 instructions = 300 clock cycles

WB: 2 clock cycles x 100 instructions = 200 clock cycles

Finally, we add up the total clock cycles from each stage:

Total Clock Cycles = IF + ID + Ex + MEM + WB

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