Final answer:
The correct order regarding inductive effect for the given options is (d) -Cl > -CN, due to the halogen's relatively strong electron-withdrawing capability via inductive effect, which is influenced by electronegativity. Option D is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct order regarding inductive effect concerning the options given is option (d) -Cl > -CN. The inductive effect is a property in organic chemistry where electron density is shifted through sigma bonds due to the electronegativity of atoms or the presence of polar bonds within molecules. This results in a partial charge being created across the molecule.
Among the groups listed, halogens exhibit a stronger inductive effect due to their high electronegativity. However, the order of electron-withdrawing ability via the inductive effect generally follows the electronegativity trend within a period of the periodic table. While -NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group, the -F (fluorine) atom is more electronegative than nitrogen.
Therefore, option (b) -F > -NO2 could also be seen as correct if our criteria are strictly electronegativity based. However, in the context of the options provided, the presence of cyano (-CN) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups, which are very strong electron-withdrawing groups due to resonance in addition to inductive effects, means that the comparison becomes more nuanced.
It should be noted that the ordering of acid strength provided in the supportive information corresponds with the inductive effect of the substituents present in various acids. A stronger inductive effect will increase the acidity of the molecule, as evidenced by comparing acetic acid to its more electronegative trifluoromethyl counterpart.