Final answer:
The requirement under the Fourteenth Amendment that state governments must follow fair procedures before depriving an individual of life, liberty, or property is known as due process. Option d is correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Fourteenth Amendment requirement that state governments follow fair procedures before taking away a person's life, liberties, or pursuit of happiness is called due process. This concept is a legal principle that ensures governmental fairness in enforcing laws and is crucial to the American legal and civil rights frameworks.
The Due Process Clause in both the Fifth Amendment, which applies to the federal government, and the Fourteenth Amendment, extended to the states, guarantees that individuals will not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal proceedings and protections.
Moreover, the Fourteenth Amendment plays a critical role in defining American citizenship and protecting civil liberties by assuring equal protection and requiring states to respect the privileges or immunities of all citizens. It has been influential in applying the Bill of Rights to state governments and enshrining civil rights into law.