Final answer:
Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaques build up in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (option d) . It can lead to heart attacks and strokes and has several risk factors, including obesity, smoking, and diabetes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease. It occurs when arteries narrow due to the buildup of plaques. Specifically, atherosclerosis involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaque, in the arteries, which reduces the space for blood to flow and makes it harder for blood to reach vital parts of the body, including the heart itself. This can eventually lead to serious conditions such as a heart attack or stroke.
The risk factors for developing atherosclerosis include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption. Notably, obesity and diabetes are considered major risk factors for cardiovascular disease as well. With obesity being associated with hypertension and high blood triglycerides and diabetes increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease deaths significantly.
Overall, coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis, and it is estimated to be the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Such diseases are most common in those over age 60, with onset typically about a decade earlier in males than females, and are further influenced by other risk factors like smoking and lack of exercise.