Final answer:
The correct answer is option b) Land ownership and use.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary differences that led to war between European settlers and Native peoples revolved around land ownership and religious beliefs. Native Americans did not practice private ownership of land and viewed its resources as collectively available. In stark contrast, Europeans operated under the Christian worldview, which promoted subjugating the environment, including land and animal life, as a source of wealth.
Additionally, the cultural divergence regarding religious practices fueled conflicts, as exemplified in the earliest decades of Muslim rule where status was largely determined by religious affiliation, resulting in political confrontations within Islamic divisions. Similarly, European expansionism in the 17th century involved both territorial and religious warfare, disrupting the balance of indigenous populations through colonization.
Conflict was not unique to the Americas, as African history similarly presents a complex tapestry of conflict and cooperation. Though trade often united diverse groups in Africa, powerful armies and conflicts around resources like salt and gold mines existed. However, territorial expansion for land was uncommon, as diplomacy often replaced warfare in forming empires. The cultural forces of both religion and warfare have historically shaped human experience significantly.