Final answer:
A 12-year-old child with difficulties in reading comprehension and frequent mistakes during reading likely has dyslexia, a common learning disability affecting word recognition and spelling despite having normal intelligence.
Step-by-step explanation:
Based on the information provided, the 12-year-old child displaying difficulties with reading comprehension and making mistakes when reading out loud is most likely experiencing symptoms associated with dyslexia. Dyslexia is a common learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling, and decoding abilities. This learning disorder stems from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Aspects such as letter reversals and skipping whole words are indicative of dyslexia. Despite having average or above-average intelligence, dyslexic children may struggle significantly with learning to read due to the brain's disordered processing of letters and sounds.
It's important to stress that while dyslexia is the most commonly diagnosed learning disability, there may be comorbidity with other disorders such as ADHD. However, the primary issue here is the sound-letter correspondence and the neurological processing of letters and sounds, not general intellectual ability. An individualized educational plan that includes reading interventions and accommodations may be necessary to support a child with dyslexia in their learning environment.