Final answer:
Infant respiratory distress syndrome is predominantly seen in premature infants due to insufficient pulmonary surfactant, leading to difficulty in breathing and inadequate gas exchange. Treatments for RDS include the administration of exogenous surfactant, ventilatory support, and other supportive measures, which have improved survival rates significantly.
Step-by-step explanation:
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), is a condition that primarily affects infants born prematurely. Specifically, premature infants, particularly between 26 and 28 weeks of gestation, are at a high risk for developing RDS due to the insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant, a substance crucial for lung function immediately after birth. The lack of adequate surfactant leads to difficulties with lung inflation, respiratory distress, and impaired gas exchange which manifests as low blood oxygen levels and elevated blood carbon dioxide levels and acidity (acidosis).
Medical interventions for RDS include administration of exogenous surfactant therapy, mechanical ventilation or nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) if necessary, which have significantly improved survival rates. Supplementary treatments such as corticosteroids, supplemental oxygen, and various supportive therapies might be administered to optimize the premature infant's recovery and support their fragile respiratory system's development.