Final answer:
Powers not specifically written in the Constitution include implied powers, inherent powers, shared powers, and powers reserved to the states.
The Constitution gives Congress the necessary and proper clause, which allows them to address various policy matters. American presidents also claim inherent powers related to the executive power vested in the President.
Step-by-step explanation:
There are several powers that are not specifically written in the Constitution. These include implied powers, which are assumed or implied to be present and are logical extensions of the expressed powers. Implied powers originate from the 'elastic clause' found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.
Another type of powers are inherent powers, which all national governments have as a result of being a sovereign government. For example, the power to control borders, expand territory, and defend against internal revolution or coups.
In addition, there are powers that are shared between the states and the national government, and powers that are reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment.
The Constitution also gives Congress the power to make laws that are necessary and proper for carrying into execution the expressed powers, known as the necessary and proper clause. This allows Congress to address policy matters like healthcare, tax collection, and regulation of interstate commerce.
Furthermore, American presidents claim inherent powers not explicitly stated but implied by the language of the Constitution. These powers are intrinsic to the office and related to the executive power vested in the President. They include duties to protect the country and political system.