Final answer:
The Renaissance is the period in European history from the 14th to the 17th century characterized by a revival of classical arts, sciences, and humanistic values, leading Europe from the Middle Ages into a new modern era with developments in numerous fields.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Renaissance
The period the student is asking about is known as the Renaissance, a term which means 'rebirth' in French. This era is a significant marker in European history, signifying the end of the Middle Ages and the transition into the early modern period. This historical period spanned from the 14th to the 17th century and began as a cultural movement in Italy, particularly in Florence. It later spread to the rest of Europe, drastically changing numerous aspects of society.
The Renaissance period was characterized by a renewed interest in the classical arts, literature, and learning based on the achievements of ancient Greece and Rome. It saw revolutionary developments in many areas including science, art, mathematics, and engineering, and led to an increased valuation of humanism. Art and architecture moved away from their solely utilitarian purposes to embrace aesthetics. Socially and economically, Europe was reflecting on individualism, and saw the rise of a middle class that had the luxury of leisure and disposable income, largely due to expanded trade and a new market economy.
Prominent individuals like Petrarch encouraged a return to Classical Latin, while the art of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo demonstrated the era's artistic heights. The invention of the printing press fostered literacy and helped spread new ideas rapidly. The scientific realm was also profoundly affected, as the Earth was no longer considered flat and the heliocentric model gained popularity, showcasing that the earth revolves around the sun. This period set Europe on a course towards the scientific and technological advancements we know today.