Question

(1) Raters often commit the rating errors previously discussed.

(2) Raters often have very different standards and ideas about the ideal employee.
(3) Two different raters may actually see very different behaviors by the same employee.
a) Confirmation bias
b) Halo effect
c) Fundamental attribution error
d) Rater bias

Answer 1

The question explores the concept of rater bias in business, with a focus on different rating errors such as confirmation bias, halo effect, fundamental attribution error, and observer bias.

Step-by-step explanation:

The question pertains to the concept of rater bias, which is related to performance evaluation or observational research in a business or organizational context. Rater bias occurs when individuals who are evaluating others allow their personal judgments or preconceived notions to influence their rating. In the provided question, three possible scenarios of rater errors are described, which include confirmation bias, the halo effect, fundamental attribution error, and observer bias.

The fundamental attribution error, for instance, is a cognitive bias where a person tends to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, while overlooking situational influences that could affect their behavior. This can be explicitly understood by referring to studies such as those by Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz (1977), which highlight how situational advantages are often overlooked in favor of dispositional attributions.