Question

When, according to professor moreno, did the "administrative apparatus" begin? what were the "four waves" involved in creation of what he terms the "american state?"

Answer 1

According to Professor Moreno, the administrative apparatus began to take shape in the 18th century, with significant evolution through four distinct waves, culminating in the sizable growth of the U.S. bureaucracy during the New Deal era and the progressive expansion in the 1960s-80s.

Step-by-step explanation:

The Origins and Development of the American Bureaucratic State

Professor Moreno might argue that the "administrative apparatus" began taking form with early administrative theories in the 18th century, particularly with Adam Smith and Robert Owen's ideas. However, it was Lorenz von Stein in the mid-1800s who crystalized the concept of public administration. The "American state" evolved through several stages:

1. The foundation and constitutional era where the democracy and Constitution preceded bureaucracy.
2. The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities from 1877-1920, distinguishing a growing federal bureaucracy.
3. The transformation during the 1930s with the New Deal era's surge in government agencies.
4. The 1960s-80s marked by substantial governmental growth and the resulting political and economic debates over the bureaucratic influence on capitalist innovation.

These can be considered the "four waves" in the creation of the American bureaucratic state, each defining new administrative capacities and public perception of government intervention.