Final answer:
When calculating biodiversity, all kingdoms, including Plantae, Animalia, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protists, are included because biodiversity encompasses the variety of all living organisms along with their ecological roles and genetic diversity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question about which kingdoms of life are excluded when calculating biodiversity would lead us to answer C: All kingdoms are included in biodiversity calculations. The idea behind biodiversity is to account for the variety of all living organisms, which includes all domains and kingdoms. The kingdoms of Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals) are included because they host a vast number of species and have significant ecological importance. The Archaea and Bacteria, which are prokaryotic domains, are also included even though they may be difficult to assess due to their microscopic size and vast abundance. Fungi and Protists are part of biodiversity too, despite having different levels of impact on ecosystems.
Biodiversity includes not just the number of species but also the genetic diversity within species, the variety of ecosystems, and the ecological processes that support life on Earth. Thus, acknowledging all forms of life is essential to a complete understanding of biodiversity.