Final answer:
The doctrine referred to in the question, introduced by Jefferson and Madison and reintroduced by Calhoun and Hayne, is known as nullification. The correct answer is option c.
Step-by-step explanation:
The doctrine first introduced by Jefferson and Madison in 1798 and reintroduced by Calhoun and Hayne in 1828 was called nullification. This principle argued that states had the right to invalidate, or nullify, any federal law which they deemed to be unconstitutional.
The doctrine became particularly controversial during the 1828 and 1832 tariff debates, which exacerbated sectional tensions between the North and South. John C. Calhoun supported the notion of nullification as a way to protect Southern interests, particularly in relation to the tariffs that negatively affected the Southern economy which was heavily dependent on agriculture and trade.
The debate over nullification and states' rights contributed significantly to the growing sectional crisis that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Therefore, the correct option to complete the sentence is c. Nullification.