Final answer:
The question requires identification and application of premise and conclusion indicator words to construct logical arguments based on given scenarios.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the identification of premise indicator words, conclusion indicator words, and the formulation of premises and conclusions based on various scenarios.
Premises and Conclusion In the scenario described, the premises would include:
- The most of the year in the Central Valley, CA, is too hot to walk.
- There is no protection from the sun at bus stops.
- The bus schedule is inconvenient.
And the conclusion drawn could be:
“One should drive to school in the Central Valley, CA, instead of walking or taking the bus due to the heat, lack of sun protection at bus stops, and inconvenient bus schedules.”
Understanding Logical Inferences
Understanding valid and invalid deductive inferences is crucial. For example, “Affirming the Consequent” and “Denying the Antecedent” represent two common forms of invalid reasoning. To analyze whether a conclusion is based on sound reasoning, one should understand the difference between necessary and sufficient conditions. The provided examples of scenarios demonstrate how to infer logical conclusions without making invalid deductive inferences.
Example Scenario For instance, if it is observed that the streets and sidewalks are wet on a previously sunny day, one could infer that it has rained while being inside.