Final answer:
Violent criminal activity is complex and involves all stages: fantasy, planning, and execution. GIS plays a significant role in crime-solving. Option d is correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
Today we know that violent criminal activity can be very complicated and well thought out in all areas, including fantasy, planning, and execution. This complexity can be understood within subjects like urbanization, which involves the study of urban economics, urban politics, and urban environments, hence the correct answer is 'd.
All of the above'. Additionally, geographic information systems (GIS) are becoming increasingly useful in understanding crime patterns and aiding in crime-solving efforts.
Advanced GIS techniques enable analysts to make predictions with reasonable accuracy about where a criminal will strike next, as demonstrated by the case study of the Hollywood Arsonist. Lastly, spousal abuse falls under the category of violent crime, making 'c. violent crime' the correct answer in that context.