Final answer:
The temperance and abolition movements were influenced by the Second Great Awakening, a religious revival that emphasized individual spirituality and the goodness of humans, prompting various societal reforms and the advancement of human rights. Option a is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The temperance and abolition movements were greatly influenced by the ideas of the Second Great Awakening. This religious revival movement instilled a belief in the redeemability and goodness of humans, which in turn spurred various societal reforms in 19th-century America.
Advocates of these movements worked towards improvement in personal conduct and sought the emancipation and granting of rights to marginalized groups. The temperance movement aimed to curtail alcohol consumption, driven by the perception of alcohol as a corrupting force both for individuals and society as a whole. Meanwhile, the abolition movement focused on the fight against slavery and was integral in advancing human rights and freedom.
The Second Great Awakening emphasized personal spirituality and laid the groundwork for widespread social reform, including the temperance and abolition movements. Reformers from various backgrounds joined these causes, with some leading figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass pushing for significant changes in American society.
The correct option for the question of which movement greatly influenced both the temperance and abolition movements is: a. the Second Great Awakening.