Final answer:
The Glorious Revolution led to William and Mary signing the English Bill of Rights, creating a constitutional monarchy that limited absolute monarchal authority. The correct multiple-choice option for revolutions caused by a reaction to absolute authority is the Glorious, American, and French revolutions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Glorious Revolution and Its Effects on Constitutional Monarchy
The Glorious Revolution marked a significant chapter in English history, with the ascension of William and Mary to the throne in 1688. In order to take the throne, they had to sign the English Bill of Rights in 1689, establishing a constitutional monarchy that limited the power of the monarchy and set forth protections for English subjects. This document articulated the independence of Parliament from the monarchy and protected rights such as freedom of speech, regular elections, the right to petition the king, trial by jury, and habeas corpus.
As a result of the Glorious Revolution, the powers of the Crown were clearly defined and limited, and the Parliament's authority was significantly increased. The periodic conflict between the monarchy and Parliament over the years was markedly transformed into a regulated relationship bound by constitutional and legislative measures. These changes played a key role in preventing the emergence of absolute authority within the English system of governance.
Historians often remark on the relatively bloodless nature of the Glorious Revolution in achieving these monumental constitutional changes. The reforms enforced by Parliament on William and Mary laid down a lasting legal framework for the British monarchy and strongly influenced the political doctrines and governance in the colonies, particularly with regards to mercantilist policies and trade restrictions.
Concerning the multiple-choice question referring to revolutions caused by a reaction to absolute authority, the correct option is: O the Glorious, American, and French revolutions. Each revolution was significantly motivated by the desire to limit or abolish absolute monarchical power and establish more democratic institutions or laws that respect the rights and freedoms of the populace.