Final answer:
Kohanna's belief that smiling people are always happy and quiet people are shy is an example of implicit personality theory, which is a network of assumptions we make to infer others' traits. Option number b is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Kohanna's assumptions that everyone who smiles must always be happy and that people who are quiet must be naturally shy are the bases for implicit personality theory. This concept is rooted in social psychology and refers to the idea that individuals use a network of assumptions to infer the traits of others.
Implicit personality theory involves the predispositions we have to attribute certain qualities and behaviors to people based on limited observations. For instance, if we see someone smiling, we may assume they are happy without knowing their actual emotional state. Similarly, if someone is quiet, we might quickly label them as shy without considering other possible explanations for their quietness.
Stereotypes also play a role in shaping our perceptions and interactions with others based on oversimplified beliefs about groups of people. Stereotypes can lead to biased attitudes and behaviors, whether positive or negative, and can influence how we treat individuals from various groups.