Final answer:
The inner lining on the back of the eyeball containing light-sensitive receptor cells is called the retina. It hosts rods and cones, which are responsible for transducing light into nervous impulses, enabling vision.
Step-by-step explanation:
The inner lining on the back of the eyeball containing receptor cells which are sensitive to light is called the retina. The retina is a crucial component of the eye's anatomy, housing photoreceptor cells that perform the transduction of light into nervous impulses. These photoreceptors include two types of cells: rods, which are extremely sensitive to low light levels, and cones, which detect light of different colors and enable color vision. Light must travel through several layers within the eye before reaching the retina. It first passes through the cornea, a transparent layer which refracts light to focus it on the retina and through the lens, which further refracts and focuses light. The size of the pupil, the opening through which light enters the interior of the eye, is regulated by the iris, which adjusts based on the brightness of the surrounding light.