Final answer:
Turbulence associated with jet streams, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes can cause tropospheric air to rise into the stratosphere.
Step-by-step explanation:
Tropospheric air can rise into the stratosphere due to several factors. One factor is turbulence associated with the jet streams. The fast-moving air currents of the jet streams can cause upward motion and lift the air into the stratosphere. Another factor is volcanic eruptions, which release ash and gases into the atmosphere, creating a plume that can reach the stratosphere. Finally, hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones, can cause air to rise into the stratosphere due to the intense convection and updrafts they generate. Therefore, the correct answer is all of the above (D).