Final answer:
Long wave radiation (+ LW) arriving at the surface is emitted by both the surface and the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in the Earth's energy budget and is a significant component of the energy exchange between the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that best answers the question is option b) Is emitted by the surface and the atmosphere. Long wave radiation (+ KW) arriving at the surface is emitted by both the surface of the Earth and the Earth's atmosphere. This type of radiation has longer wavelengths and is primarily in the form of heat energy. It plays a crucial role in the Earth's energy budget as it is a significant component of the energy exchange between the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
For example, when the surface of the Earth absorbs solar radiation, it heats up and emits long wave radiation back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapour, can absorb and re-emit this long wave radiation, trapping heat and contributing to the greenhouse effect.
It is important to note that shortwave radiation, which includes visible light and ultraviolet rays, is primarily incoming radiation from the Sun.