Final answer:
The second extra step eukaryotes undergo after transcription and before translation is mRNA processing, which includes splicing, 5' capping, and 3' polyadenylation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The second extra step that eukaryotes must take with its end product mRNA after transcription and before translation is mRNA processing. This includes splicing, the addition of a 5' cap, and polyadenylation with a 3' poly-A tail. These processing steps are necessary to create a mature mRNA that can be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur concurrently because there is no nuclear membrane separating the processes. However, in eukaryotes, the presence of a nucleus means transcription and subsequent mRNA processing occur within the nucleus, and only the mature mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation. This additional complexity allows a single eukaryotic gene to produce multiple protein variants through a process called alternative splicing, where different combinations of exons are joined together.