Final answer:
The upper ribs move upward and forward, and the lower ribs move upward and lateral as part of the inspiration process during respiration, driven by the action of the external intercostal muscles. The option (B) is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
During respiration, when we talk about the movements of the upper and lower ribs, we describe these actions as follows: the upper ribs move upward and forward, and the lower ribs move upward and laterally. This movement is essential for the process of inspiration, which is the phase when air enters the lungs. The contraction of the external intercostal muscles leads to the ribs moving upward and outward. This expansion of the rib cage increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, promoting a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.
Expiration, on the other hand, is characterized by the relaxation of the diaphragm, which moves upward and decreases the volume of the thorax. This process is generally passive, with air being expelled from the lungs due to the elastic recoil of lung tissues and the return movement of the chest wall and diaphragm to their original positions, thereby forcing the air out. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
During respiration, upper ribs move upward and forward (___), and lower ribs move upward and lateral (__).
A) Upward and backward
B) Upward and forward
C) Downward and forward
D) Downward and backward