Final answer:
The new type of government that emerged from the English Civil War was a republic, specifically the English Commonwealth, led by Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector. It was characterized by a governing system that included a parliamentary system and a temporary embrace of religious toleration, but it was also criticized for resembling a military dictatorship.
Step-by-step explanation:
The conflict that unfolded between 1642 and 1649, known as the English Civil War, led to significant political change in England. This era saw the clash between King Charles I and his Royalist supporters against Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentary forces. After years of fighting, Cromwell's New Model Army triumphed, resulting in the trial and execution of King Charles I for treason and the abolishment of the monarchy. Consequently, England transitioned from a monarchy to a republic, specifically an English Commonwealth where the state was headed by a Lord Protector rather than a monarch.
During this Interregnum, or inter-king period, England was effectively governed by a parliamentary system that included the House of Commons, a Council of State, and the Lord Protector. Cromwell, a staunch Puritan, led this new arrangement. It was marked by a temporary embrace of religious toleration, as stated in the Instrument of Government, allowing various Christian denominations to practice freely, excluding Catholics. However, historians often characterize the Commonwealth under Cromwell as veering towards a military dictatorship.
The republic period lasted until 1660 when the monarchy was restored, starting with King Charles II, in what became known as the Restoration. The parliamentary system, including both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, was reinstated alongside a reestablished Anglican Church, marking an end to the experiment with republicanism in England and a reinstatement of the traditional power structures.