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File integrity checking tools like _________________ can notify an administrator when changes are made to a file or directory.

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Final answer:

File integrity checking tools such as tripwire, AIDE, or Osiris alert administrators when file or directory changes occur, helping to detect unauthorized modifications and potential security breaches.

Step-by-step explanation:

File integrity checking tools like tripwire, AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment), or Osiris can notify an administrator when changes are made to a file or directory. These tools work by taking a snapshot of the current state of the system's files and then continuously comparing it with the current state of the files to detect any changes. If a change is detected, they can alert administrators or take other predefined actions. It's important for system administrators to use such tools as they play a critical role in detecting unauthorized modifications that could indicate a security breach or unwanted alterations of sensitive data.

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