Final answer:
The encoding specificity principle states that recall is improved when retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which information was encoded.
Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of significant events, and the self-reference effect enhances memory recall for personally relevant information.
Semantic encoding helps in organizing and remembering words based on their meanings.
Step-by-step explanation:
The idea that material is most likely to be recalled when presented with the same cues that were available during learning is known as the encoding specificity principle.
This principle is central to understanding how cues present during the encoding process of learning are effective triggers for retrieval.
For instance, if you are in the same room where you originally studied a subject, you may recall the information better than if you were in a different place. This is because the environmental cues from the room act as retrieval cues.
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is known as a flashbulb memory. Such memories are vivid, detailed, and easily recalled, often due to the emotional arousal associated with the event.
The self-reference effect also plays a significant role in memory. It refers to the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that personally relates to oneself than for information that has less personal relevance.
Lastly, semantic encoding is the encoding of words and their meaning, which has been shown to help organize and recall information effectively.