Final answer:
If-then statements involve contingency relationships, they are a type of conditional statement in logic, expressing necessary and sufficient conditions. The correct option (C) contingency relationships
Step-by-step explanation:
If-then statements involve C) contingency relationships, where some events are dependent on the occurrence of other events. In the context of logic, these statements are a form of conditional that express necessary and sufficient conditions.
Conditionals are vital in logical reasoning because they specify the conditions under which a particular statement is true. In a conditional statement, the 'if' component is known as the antecedent, and the 'then' component is known as the consequent. For example, in the statement 'If you complete 120 credit hours, then you can earn a bachelor's degree,' completing the 120 credit hours is a necessary condition for earning the degree.
Logical arguments often use conditionals to derive conclusions from premises through valid deductive inferences, such as modus ponens and modus tollens. A counterexample is used to disprove a conditional, showing that the necessary and sufficient conditions do not hold.
The correct option (C) contingency relationships