Final answer:
Time and social changes have decreased the influence of charismatic leadership, especially among female leaders, due to limited opportunities and historical biases.
Step-by-step explanation:
Time and changing social conditions have lessened the extent of charismatic leadership over the years. This can be attributed to several sociological and historical factors.
When we look at history, we can see that the opportunities for leadership have been relatively small for certain groups, particularly for women. Research such as that conducted by Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & van Engen (2003) shows that although transformational leadership approaches, which are typically more effective, have been used by individual leaders, the prevalence of female leaders has been historically low due to various factors.
One reason for the historical scarcity of charismatic female leaders is option (c): Few women have had the opportunity to hold leadership roles over the course of history. This is due to a combination of societal norms, lack of access to formal education and positions of power, and other systemic barriers. Another contributing factor mentioned is option (d): Male historians have refused to acknowledge the contributions of female leaders in their records, indicating a historical bias in recorded history.