Final answer:
Leadership is an important element of management, with different styles such as transactional and transformational leadership. In management, different styles such as Theory X and Theory Y are used to achieve goals. Leadership function can be instrumental or expressive, and both men and women prefer leaders who use a combination of both.
Step-by-step explanation:
Leadership is an important element of management. Leadership styles have been of major interest within I-O research, and researchers have proposed numerous theories of leadership. Bass (1985) popularized and developed the concepts of transactional leadership versus transformational leadership styles. In transactional leadership, the focus is on supervision and organizational goals, which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments (i.e., transactions). Transactional leaders maintain the status quo: They are managers.
Management and Organizational Structure: A significant portion of I-O research focuses on management and human relations. Douglas McGregor (1960) combined scientific management and human relations into the notion of leadership behavior. His theory lays out two different styles called Theory X and Theory Y. In the Theory X approach to management, managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed. Theory X managers perceive employees as people who prefer to be led and told which tasks to perform and when. Managerial goals are achieved through a system of punishments and threats rather than enticements and rewards.
Leadership function refers to the main goal of the leader, which may be instrumental or expressive. An instrumental leader is one who is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. In contrast, expressive leaders are more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported. Social and religious leaders are often perceived as expressive leaders. Sometimes people expect men to take on instrumental roles and women to assume expressive roles. Both men and women prefer leaders who use a combination of expressive and instrumental leadership.