Final answer:
Neurotransmitters can be excitatory, which increase the chance of the postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential, or inhibitory, which decrease that chance. Excitatory examples include acetylcholine and epinephrine, while inhibitory ones include serotonin and GABA. Imbalances can lead to neurological disorders.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that facilitate neurotransmission by transmitting signals from one neuron to another or to muscle or gland cells. They play a crucial role in managing various functions within the central nervous system (CNS). The difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is based on their effect on the postsynaptic neuron. Excitatory neurotransmitters promote the generation of an electrical signal known as an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron, thereby increasing the likelihood that the neuron will pass on the signal. Common examples include acetylcholine and epinephrine. On the other hand, inhibitory neurotransmitters prevent action potentials by decreasing the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron sending the signal further; serotonin and GABA are typical inhibitory neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters influence various functions such as mood, arousal, and muscle activity. Imbalances in these chemicals can lead to neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.