Final answer:
Soil characteristics, influenced by topography, climate, biota, and human activities, determine the amount of runoff and infiltration in a watershed. Steep slopes promote runoff and erosion, whereas flat areas enhance water absorption and soil thickness. Soil composition and structure directly affect water retention, with healthier soils reducing flooding and environmental damage.
Step-by-step explanation:
The soil plays a crucial role in managing the amount of runoff and infiltration within a watershed. Soil characteristics such as texture, composition, and structure influence how water is absorbed and transferred through the environment. Factors including topography, climate, biota, and human activities can substantially impact soil's ability to retain water and support various forms of life.
Topography is a significant factor, as steep slopes tend to have more runoff and less infiltration, which results in thinner soil layers due to erosion. On the other hand, flat or gently sloping areas are more likely to have reduced runoff and increased infiltration, leading to thicker and more developed soils. Additionally, soils in different climates will have varying water retention capacities based on temperature and moisture levels, which affect biological activity and decomposition.