Final answer:
The integration of air and space capabilities in the U.S. military was highly developed by the time of the first Gulf War, thanks to advancements during the Cold War, including the Space Race, the development of ICBMs, and strategic military restructuring.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Air Force's mission to defend the United States through control and exploitation of air and space, which led to unprecedented integration between air and space capabilities, had matured by the time of the first Gulf War in 1990-1991. The Cold War era witnessed a concentrated effort in space exploration and military advancements, ultimately leading to the technology that would integrate air and space warfare.
Developments during this time included the creation of the U.S. Air Force under the National Security Act of 1947, the Space Race of the late 1950s and 1960s, and heightened military responses such as flexible response policy and the development of special forces units.
The integration of air and space capabilities became particularly vital during the first Gulf War. This integration was a result of technological advancements that occurred during the late 20th century, including the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and innovations spurred by the Space Race. As geopolitical tensions evolved and the need for advanced military strategies became clear, these technologies were leveraged to enhance U.S. military capabilities.
The context in which these changes occurred—the arms race and the desire to contain Soviet influence—also bolstered the development of military strategy and technology. The result was a significantly restructured military force that was as much about air and space as it was about land, transforming warfare into a multifaceted engagement that combines all aspects of military strength.