Final answer:
Carolus Linnaeus was the Swedish biologist in the 1700s who developed the classification system based on morphology that we know today as taxonomy. Linnaeus's system, outlined in his work Systema Naturae, is the basis for the binomial naming system used to categorize all living organisms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Swedish biologist who developed a hierarchy based on morphology in the 1700s was Carolus Linnaeus. He is renowned for creating a systematic framework for the classification of organisms, also known as taxonomy. Linnaeus's method involved organizing living things based on shared physical traits such as the number of legs or the shape of leaves.
In his seminal work, Systema Naturae, Linnaeus laid down the foundations for the binomial naming system that we still use today. This system designates each species with two names, the genus and the species, for example, Homo sapiens for humans. His contributions have earned him the title of the "father of taxonomy" and his system serves as the root of all modern classification systems.