Final answer:
Socrates counters the argument that justice is desired for its consequences by arguing that justice benefits the soul and is inherently good. A 'just city' is used as an analogy for how justice leads to a successful and happy society, underscoring the intrinsic value of justice. The health of the soul and seeking the supreme good bolsters the desire for justice for its own sake.
Step-by-step explanation:
Socrates refutes Glaucon and Adeimantus' argument that justice is sought not for its own sake, but for the consequences it yields, by sharing his philosophy regarding the soul and character. He suggests that injustice harms the soul and leads to corruption, which is far worse than any physical harm that could be inflicted. Socrates uses the construction of a 'just city' to argue that justice, when practiced, leads to greater success and happiness, showing that justice should be desired for its own inherent goodness rather than for consequential benefits alone.
Plato's 'Republic' details the role of guardians within this just city, who embody proficiency and courage, and live selflessly for their society's benefit, further emphasizing the value of living justly as a path to personal and communal well-being.
Additionally, Socrates believed nobody intentionally chooses evil, but rather out of ignorance with a misguided pursuit of good, hinting at a deeper conviction that knowing and choosing the good directly benefits the character of the soul. Hence, seeking justice inherently aligns with the soul's true health and the supreme good.