Final answer:
A deficiency that can lead to problems with basic arithmetic, such as difficulty checking addition using subtraction, is known as dyscalculia. This learning disability affects the ability to understand and perform mathematical operations despite having normal or above-average intelligence. Accumulating a deep understanding of mathematical concepts is crucial for overcoming such difficulties.
Step-by-step explanation:
The deficiency that can lead to a student's problems in math, such as having trouble checking the addition of 5+3=8 using subtraction (8-5=3), is known as dyscalculia. This learning disability impacts the ability to understand numbers and perform basic arithmetic operations. It can become evident in children when they have difficulty discerning the quantity of a small group of objects without counting them and struggle with organizing numbers, and differentiating between numerals, symbols, and their written counterparts. In the middle and late childhood cognitive development stages, children's thought processes become more organized and logical when dealing with concrete information like mathematics. However, disabilities such as dyscalculia can disrupt this development, leading to difficulties with math despite otherwise average or above-average intelligence.
Students are encouraged to develop a deep conceptual understanding of mathematics, going beyond memorization and the mechanical execution of operations. This approach helps in forming lasting neural connections necessary for truly grasping mathematical concepts. However, when a learning disability like dyscalculia is present, these connections are harder to form, making basic calculations and conceptual oppositions such as addition and subtraction challenging.