Final answer:
A deviated trachea is not typically associated with moderate emphysema; instead, signs such as a barrel chest, use of accessory muscles, and pursed-lip breathing are expected. Spirometry is a critical test used to diagnose emphysema, as it measures expiratory volumes and speeds, helping distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
Step-by-step explanation:
A deviated trachea is not a common finding in moderate emphysema. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that involves the air saccules at the end of the smallest air passages in the lungs becoming enlarged and destroyed. The physical exam findings associated with emphysema would typically include hyperinflation of the lungs, diminished breath sounds, or a prolonged expiratory phase.
Physical examination findings consistent with moderate emphysema could include an increased anterior-posterior diameter of the chest (barrel chest), use of accessory muscles to breathe, pursed-lip breathing, or a tripod sitting position. These features result from long-term over-expansion of the lungs due to damaged alveoli, which causes air trapping and reduced elasticity of the lungs.
Spirometry is a pivotal diagnostic test used to detect emphysema by measuring the volume and speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. It assesses parameters such as Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1). In emphysema, there is a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, indicating airway obstruction and difficulty with exhalation. Spirometry can help differentiate between obstructive lung diseases like emphysema and restrictive diseases such as fibrosis or respiratory distress syndrome. These restrictive diseases are characterized by decreased lung compliance, which causes stiffening of the airways and a reduced FVC without significant obstruction, leading to a different pattern on spirometry.