Final answer:
Farmers and pastoralists traditionally rely on each other for essential resources, with farmers providing grains and vegetables, and pastoralists offering meat and milk. This symbiotic relationship is founded on the trading of goods that are abundant to each group due to the environments they inhabit.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the research article by Abba Gana Shettima and Usman A. Tar, farmers and pastoralists are depicted as depending on each other for different resources and services. Farmers and pastoralists have a symbiotic relationship where they traditionally trade goods to complement each other's livelihoods. Farmers, who cultivate the land, are able to provide grains and vegetables, taking advantage of rich soils and ample rainfall. On the other hand, pastoralists, who manage herds of animals in areas with more marginal soils or unpredictable rainfall, provide animal products like meat and milk to the farmers. This exchange is essential due to the different environmental conditions each group operates under and their respective subsistence strategies. Over the decades, several other issues have arisen that threaten this symbiotic relationship, including climate change, formalization of land ownership, and socio-economic pressures, leading to conflict and competition for resources.