Final answer:
A norm-referenced test assessing learning abilities or intellectual capacity is typically an IQ test like the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which is standardized and normed by testing a representative sample. These tests measure cognitive abilities and help identify needs for assistance in educational and clinical settings.
Step-by-step explanation:
A norm-referenced test used to assess a student's learning abilities or intellectual capacity typically refers to an IQ test, which measures a range of cognitive behaviors. The development of such tests began with Sir Francis Galton in the late 1800s and was significantly advanced by Alfred Binet in the early 1900s. His work led to the standardized and normed Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which is still used today. Norming ensures the test provides reliable comparative data by measuring a sample representative of the overall population. Standardized testing encompasses consistent administration, scoring, and result interpretation practices.
The case study of Candace, a 14-year-old struggling in school, illustrates the practical application of such tests. Her IQ score of 68 raises questions about her capability to succeed in regular education classes without assistance. Despite the recognized utility of IQ tests in educational and clinical settings, debates continue about their validity and the extent to which they can measure an individual's intellectual capacity.
Regarding the given multiple-choice question, the correct answer is:
b. a representative sample. This ensures the test is normed and standardized, allowing the scores of individuals to be accurately compared and interpreted against the established norms.