Final answer:
Total Quality programs typically include management by fact, leadership and strategic planning, continuous improvement and learning, and process orientation but not necessarily a manufacturing focus. TQ principles are applicable in various industries, emphasizing universal quality management principles.
Step-by-step explanation:
Most Total Quality (TQ) programs share fundamental elements like management by fact, leadership and strategic planning, continuous improvement and learning, and process orientation. However, they do not necessarily have a manufacturing focus.
While manufacturing can benefit from TQ, the principles apply across various industries and sectors. The focus is on quality management principles that are universally applicable, including attention to detail, customer focus, and improvement in all areas of an organization, not solely manufacturing.
In contrast to the manufacturing focus, modern TQ approaches might include emphasis on core competencies, as firms focusing on a narrow range of products or services can be more successful. This approach aligns with Theory Y management, which suggests that employees find motivation and satisfaction when they are involved in setting their goals and have the authority to make decisions that affect their work environment and process.