Final answer:
Gamma globulins, also known as antibodies or immunoglobulins, are produced by specialized cells called plasma cells. These antibodies mediate the humoral immune response by binding to specific antigens, which is key to their effectiveness in the body's defense mechanisms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Gamma globulins, which constitute antibodies or immunoglobulins, are formed by specialized leukocytes known as plasma cells. These plasma cells are crucial for the body's immune response as they produce immunoglobulins that recognize, bind to, and help eliminate antigens. The humoral immune response is mediated by these antibodies, which exist in different classes and are secreted into bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, tears, and breast milk.
The structure of antibodies typically consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped structure where the tips of the 'Y' form the variable domains that bind specifically to antigens. This specific binding is key to the antibody's effectiveness, be it for neutralization of pathogens, marking them for phagocytosis, or activating the complement system.
Research into the structure and function of immunoglobulins has advanced significantly since the technique of protein electrophoresis allowed for their distinction and study, leading to a greater understanding of their role in the immune system and in diseases such as multiple myeloma.