Final answer:
The external carotid artery gives rise to the maxillary and facial arteries, which supply blood to the upper and lower teeth respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The artery branches that supply the teeth are primarily derived from the external carotid artery, which is a branch of the common carotid artery. The common carotid artery divides into the internal and external carotid arteries, with the right common carotid artery arising from the brachiocephalic artery and the left common carotid artery arising directly from the aortic arch. The external carotid artery specifically gives rise to many arteries that supply structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx. Of particular relevance to the teeth are the maxillary and facial arteries, which supply the upper and lower teeth, respectively.