Final answer:
Alkaline drain cleaners containing substances like sodium hydroxide are used to dissolve organic material when cleaning a canal. They work by creating a basic solution that breaks down organic clogs, often enhanced with surfactants and other additives for improved effectiveness. Organic solvents and oxygen-based bleaching agents are other options used for their capability to dissolve organic matter.
Step-by-step explanation:
When cleaning a canal, materials known as alkaline drain cleaners are commonly used to dissolve organic matter. These consist of highly reactive substances like sodium hydroxide, which can break down organic substances such as greases and hair that typically clog drains. The commercial product Drano is an example, containing both sodium hydroxide and powdered aluminum; the former creates a strong, basic solution that dissolves organic material, while the latter reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas, aiding in the breakdown of clogs.
Other cleaner types include acidic agents, which predominantly remove inorganic deposits, and powdered cleaners containing solid acids like sodium hydrogen sulfate. Surfactants and corrosion inhibitors are often added to these to enhance their cleaning power without causing damage. Some organic solvents used in cleaners also work by disrupting hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions present in dirt and grime.
Soap, while biodegradable and effective, becomes less effective in hard water due to the presence of calcium and magnesium that affect its cleaning capabilities. This reduced efficacy can sometimes necessitate the use of additional agents like phosphates, although their environmental impact has led to restrictions and bans in some regions. Oxygen-based bleaching agents are another category of cleaners that can help break up and bleach out organic deposits without the ecological downsides of phosphates.