Final answer:
The excerpt discusses the influence of the UK's geographical location and wind patterns on Cumbria's climate, leading to mild and wet conditions. It also highlights the Gulf Stream's role in creating temperate climates in Western Europe despite high latitudes. Additionally, it explains the rain shadow effect and its global impact on climate.
Step-by-step explanation:
The excerpt provided talks about how the geographical location and prevailing wind patterns affect Cumbria's climate in the UK. Cumbria, being on the UK's west coast, is subject to the dominant south-westerly winds that result in a mild and wet climate, characterized by cool summers and mild winters. The South Island's west coast experiences similar effects with high precipitation due to winds carrying moisture from the ocean and meeting the mountains.
The importance of the Gulf Stream in moderating temperatures in Western Europe is highlighted, as it produces a temperate climate despite the northern latitudes. This oceanic influence allows for milder conditions, even suitable for some tropical flora in regions like the western coastal islands of Scotland. Additionally, the rain shadow effect is a phenomenon observed worldwide, leading to arid conditions in regions that lie to the east of mountain ranges, further illustrating the significant role of geographical features on climate.