Final answer:
The formal style of psalm singing, known as lining out, did not require learning hymns by memory as a leader would sing or recite the lines for the congregation to repeat, making hymnbooks and literacy unnecessary.
Step-by-step explanation:
The formal style of psalm singing, known as lining out, did not necessarily require learning hymns by memory. Lining out involved a leader singing or reciting the lines of a hymn which the congregation would then sing back.
This practice allowed those who could not read or afford hymnbooks to participate in worship. It became prevalent especially in poor white and slave communities where literacy and access to hymnbooks were limited.
The tradition of lining out was notably present in black churches and was characterized by the absence of musical instruments, with congregations singing a cappella.
Over time, hymns and psalms taught to African American slaves evolved into a unique musical sound and culture, contributing to later secular genres like the blues.