Final answer:
The patient most at risk for developing protein-calorie malnutrition is the patient who is HIV positive, due to the secondary immunodeficiencies associated with the condition and potential issues with nutrient absorption and reduced appetite.
Step-by-step explanation:
The patient with the greatest risk for developing protein-calorie malnutrition is a patient who is HIV positive. HIV/AIDS can lead to secondary immunodeficiencies, which are known to be associated with malnutrition. In addition, individuals with HIV/AIDS may have reduced appetite or impaired nutrient absorption, further increasing their risk for malnutrition. Conversely, patients with a broken leg and pelvis running a fever, patients who are overweight or obese undergoing cardiac bypass surgery, and patients of Hispanic heritage do not necessarily present an inherent risk for protein-calorie malnutrition without other underlying conditions.
Protein-calorie malnutrition, or protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), is a condition resulting from inadequate consumption of proteins and calories, leading to a deficiency that impairs cellular functions and growth. This risk is heightened in individuals who are unable to consume or absorb enough nutrients due to disease or condition, like HIV/AIDS.