Final answer:
Semantic memory, a component of crystallized intelligence involving accumulated knowledge, is the least likely to decline in late life. In contrast, fluid intelligence, working memory, and processing speed are more prone to age-related decline. The correct option is b.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of cognitive ability that is the LEAST likely to show a decline in late life is semantic memory. Unlike fluid intelligence, which refers to information processing abilities, reasoning, and working memory, and is prone to decline as we age, semantic memory, which is part of crystallized intelligence, tends to remain stable or even improve. Crystallized intelligence encompasses our accumulated knowledge and experience, which remains accessible despite aging.
Research indicates that engaging in mental and physical activities can help delay the onset of cognitive decline. This suggests that maintaining an active lifestyle and continuously challenging the brain through learning and social activities could contribute to sustaining cognitive functions, including semantic memory.
In contrast, fluid intelligence and skills like processing speed and working memory are more likely to decline over time. Therefore, when considering cognitive abilities in the context of late adulthood, it is important to distinguish between these types and understand that some abilities, like semantic memory, are more resilient against the effects of aging.